Intellectual Structure of Knowledge in Information Retrieval: A Co-Word Analysis

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

M.A. in Scientometrics, Yazd University.

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the intellectual structure of knowledge in information retrieval based on Co-Word Analysis. Nowadays, the field of information retrieval has primarily shifted from information science to computer science. In information science, information retrieval refers to the interaction between individuals, and the information retrieval system refers to making judgments related to the results obtained from the selection of search strategies. While in computer science, information retrieval is the extraction of relevant information that meets user needs from a large amount of unstructured information stored in a computer. Co-Word analysis is a method of content analysis that is obtained through the co-occurrence of words or concepts in texts and sources, and through which the main concepts of a scientific field or field, and through this knowledge, conceptual patterns and events, scientific structure, conceptual network, hierarchical relations of concepts, and conceptual categories of that field can be discovered, drawn, and managed. Co-word analysis is a tool for discovering hidden patterns and emerging conceptual events.
 
Methodology: As an applied bibliometrics study, the research uses co-word analysis and clustering techniques. The research data consists of information retrieval of 13490 articles which were indexed in the Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts (LISTA) database during 1967-2018. RavarpreMAP, bibExcel, SPSS, and VOSviewer were used for analysis.
 
Findings: The results showed that during 1967-2018, the trend of publishing articles in the first two decades was steady. However, in the following two decades, there was a pattern of fluctuation, with occasional declines and rises. The Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology published 687 articles and has made the greatest contribution to research publication in this field. The publications in Information Processing & Management and Journal of the American Society for Information Science are ranked second and third, with 667 and 637 articles, respectively. The most frequently mentioned keyword in the text is "information storage and retrieval system," which appears 3652 times. Other frequently mentioned topics include the World Wide Web, information resource management, information science, information services, search engines, websites, and the search for electronic information resources. These topics ranked second to tenth in terms of frequency and attention. Additionally, there is a strong co-occurrence between the following pairs: website - World Wide Web, Internet - World Wide Web, and information resource management - information storage and retrieval system. The use of hierarchical clustering by the Ward method resulted in the creation of 13 subject clusters, including computer network and multimedia systems; academic library and access to information; database and information retrieval; search strategy; data mining cluster and database; online library catalog; tutorials and web versions 1, 2, and 3; catalog and subject heading; Madeline; ontology and machine learning; library and information technology services; information organization and knowledge management; and artificial intelligence and medical informatics.
Conclusion: The results showed that recent developments in information storage and retrieval systems, as well as users' need for quick access to up-to-date and sufficient information, have led to changes in the subject areas of information retrieval. These changes include the transformation of traditional libraries into virtual, digital, and automated libraries, the evolution of the one-dimensional web to the interactive web or Web2, and the management of electronic resources, databases, digital libraries, ontology, data mining, social networks, machine learning, natural language processing, knowledge management, and artificial intelligence. Information retrieval is now widely used in various fields such as medicine, social networking, image recovery, music, and more. The field of information retrieval is a multidisciplinary field and has extensive connections with other fields. The results of cluster analysis, illustration, and examination of high-frequency topics clearly demonstrate this relationship.

Keywords


احمدی، ح.، و عصاره، ف. (1396). مرروی بر کارکردهای تحلیل همواژگانی. مطالعات ملی کتابداری سازماندهی اطلاعات، 28 (1)، 125-145. https://www.sid.ir/paper/224340/fa
بازبین، م.، چشمه سهرابی، م.، و مرادی، م. (۱۳۹۳). بررسی ارتباط بین سواد اطلاعاتی و کتابداری مبتنی بر شواهد: موردپژوهی کتابداران کتابخانه‌های دانشگاهی شهر کرمانشاه. پژوهش‌نامه کتابداری و اطلاع‌رسانی، ۳ (۲)، ۱۳۳-۱۵۲. https://doi.org/ 10.22067/RIIS.V3I2.17029
حاضری، ا.، مکی‌زاده، ف.، و مباشری، ا. (1395). تحلیل موضوعی مقالات مرتبط با اعتیاد در پایگاه مدلاین به روش خوشه‌بندی سلسله‌مراتبی: 1991-2014. فصلنامه مدیریت سلامت، ۱۹ (۶۶)، 47-60. https://ensani.ir/fa/article/535372/
حیدری، غ.، قنادی‌نژاد، ف.، و چینی‌پرداز، ر. (1396). مروری بر مطالعات مربوط به اولویت‌های پژوهش در علم اطلاعات و دانش‏‌شناسی در ایران و جهان. علوم و فنون مدیریت اطلاعات،3 (3)، 35-62.‌https://doi.org/10.22091/stim.2017.880.1051
خاصه، ع،. و سلامی، م. (۱۳۹۳).  تحلیل محتوای دو دهه پژوهش در حوزه بازیابی اطلاعات. فصلنامه مدیریت اطلاعات و دانششناسی، 1 (4). https://civilica.com/doc/644244/
دانیالی، س.، و نقشینه، ن. (1397). مطالعه روند پژوهش و ترسیم نقشه دانش قلمروهای پژوهشی فعال حوزه بازیابی تصویر بر اساس مقالات نمایه‌‌شده در وب آو ساینس از سال‌های 2012-2001. پژوهش‌نامه علم‌سنجی، 4 (7)، 119 – 142. https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/1495312/
داورپناه، م. (1384). ضرورت‌های نوین بازنـگری در ذخیره و بازیابی اطلاعات. کتابداری و اطلاع‌رسانی، 8 (3)، 67 – 88. https://lis.aqr-libjournal.ir/article_44670.html?lang=fa
زندی روان، ن.، داور پناه، م،. و فتاحی، ر. (1395). مروری بر رسم نقشه علم و روش‌شناسی آن. پژوهش‌نامه علم‌سنجی، 2 (3)، 57 – 76. https://elmnet.ir/doc/1706509-31211
صدیقی، م. (1393). بررسی کاربرد روش تحلیل هم‌رخدادی واژگان در ترسیم ساختار حوزه‌های علمی (مطالعه موردی: حوزه اطلاع‌سنجی). پردازش و مدیریت اطلاعات،30 (2)، 373-396.  https://doi.org/ 10.35050/JIPM010.2015.040
عالیشان کرمی، ن.، حاجی زین‌العابدینی، م.، رداد، ا.، و قاضی میرسعید، ج. (۱۳۹۷). کاربرد و نقش هستان‌شناسی در نظام‌های بازیابی اطلاعات زیست‌پزشکی. مجله انفورماتیک سلامت و زیستپزشکی، ۴ (۴)، ۳۲۷-۳۴۰. http://jhbmi.ir/article-1-222-fa.html
علیپور، م،. و درودی، ن. (١٣89). خوشه‌بندی اطلاعات. مطالعات کتابداری و سازمان‌دهی اطلاعات، 21 (٢)، 160-180. https://ensani.ir/fa/article/226044 Magiran | خوشه بندی اطلاعات/
کرانیان، پ. (1396). ترسیم ساختار فکری علم اطلاعات و دانششناسی ایران با استفاده از تحلیل هم‌واژگان [پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد منتشر نشده]. دانشگاه پیام نور استان کرمانشاه.
کریمی، ا.، بابایی، م.، و حسینی بهشتی، م. (1398). بررسی ویژگی‌های معنایی و هستی شناسانه نظام‌های بازیابی اطلاعات مبتنی بر اصطلاح‌نامه و هستی‌شناسی. پژوهشنامه پردازش و مدیریت اطلاعات، ۳۴ (۴): 1585 – 1612. https://doi.org/10.35050/JIPM010.2019.015
کیانی، م. (1391). رویکردهای ارزیابی نظام‌های بازیابی اطلاعات: پس‎زمینه و چشم‎انداز پیشرو. فصلنامه کتابداری و اطلاع‌رسانی، 2 (58)،243-258. https://sid.ir/paper/102718/en
مکی‌زاده، ف،. و ابراهیمی، و. (1396). ترسیم نقشه‌ علمی حوزه موضوعی مدیریت ریسک در پایگاه نمایه‌ استنادی علوم ایران (ISC)، مدیرت بحران، 6 (2)، 105-117. https://www.joem.ir/article_31153.
منافی، ز.، و اسدی‌نژاد، ص. (۱۳۸۲). اهمیت اطلاعات و انتقال تکنولوژی در تحقیقات. چهارمین همایش مراکز تحقیق و توسعه صنایع و معادن. تهران: انجمن تخصصی مراکز تحقیق و توسعه صنایع و معادن. https://civilica.com/doc/21427
……….، دانا، م.، و طوسی، ز. (1394). تعیین طبقات اصلی مرتبط با گردشگری در پایگاه آی اس سی و مطالعه هم‌پوشانی موضوعی آنها. دومین همایش ملی گردشگری، سرمایه‌های ملی و چشم‌انداز آینده، اصفهان: شرکت توسعه‌سازان گردشگری اصفهان. https://civilica.com/doc/431513
مهراد، ج.، و کلینی، س. (1391). مبانی فناوری‌های اطلاعاتی. تهران: سمت.
نوبخت حقیقی، ش،. و خاصه، ع. (1395). ساختار دانش در پژوهش‌های جغرافیای روستایی با استفاده از رویکردهای تحلیل شبکه و مصورسازی علم. فصلنامه علمی - پژوهشی و بین‌المللی انجمن جغرافیای ایران، 14 (50)، 213 – 240. https://www.sid.ir/paper/150160/fahttp://magiran.com/p1623364
نوروزی چاکلی، ع. (1390). آشنایی با علم‌سنجی: مبانی، مفاهیم، روابط و ریشه‌ها. تهران: سمت، دانشگاه شاهد.
وفائیان، ا. (1396). مطالعۀ وضعیت تولیدات علمی در حوزۀ بازیابی اطلاعات موسیقی در پایگاه اسکوپوس. پژوهش‌نامه علم‌سنجی، 3 (5)، 33-48. https://doi.org/10.22070/rsci.2017.792
 
 
Ahmadi, H., & Osareh, F. (2017). Co-word Analysis Concept, Definition and Application, Librarianship and Informaion Organization Studies, 28(1), 125-145. magiran.com/p1707685 [In Persian].
Alipor, M., & Dorodi, N. (2010). Information Clustering, Librarianship and Information Organization Studies, 21(2), 161. Magiran | خوشه بندی اطلاعات [In Persian].
Alishan Karami, N., Haji Zeinolabedini, M., Radad, I., & Ghazi-Mirsaeid, J. (2018). Application and Role of Ontologies in Biomedical Information Retrieval Systems. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND BIOMEDICAL INFORMATICS (JHBMI), 4(4), 327-340. https://sid.ir/paper/258927/en [In Persian].
Bailey Jr, C. W. (1990). Intelligent multimedia computer systems: Emerging information resources in the network environment. Library Hi Tech8(1), 29-41. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb047780.
Bazbin, M., Cheshme Sohrabi, M., & Moradi, M. (2013). A study of the relationship between information literacy and evidence-based librarianship: A case study of librarians of academic library of Kermanshah. Library and Information Science Research, 3(2), 133-152. https://doi.org/10.22067/riis. V3i2.17029 [In Persian].
Chen, X., Chen, J., Wu, D., Xie, Y., & Li, J. (2016). Mapping the research trends by co-word analysis based on keywords from funded project. Procedia computer science91, 547-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.07.140.
Danialy, S., & Naghshineh, N. (2018). Research Trend Analysis and Knowledge Mapping of Active Research in Domain of Image Retrieval Based on Web of Science Indexed Papers during 2001-2012. Scientometrics Research Journal4 ((Issue 1, spring & summer)), 119-142. https://doi.org/10.22070/rsci.2018.612 [In Persian]
Davarpanah, M. (2005). A new approach to information storage and retrieval. Library and Information Science, 8(3), (31)), 67-88. https://sid.ir/paper/102699/en [In Persian].
Ding, Y., Chowdhury, G. G., & Foo, S. (2000a). Incorporating the results of co-word analyses to increase search variety for information retrieval. Journal of Information Science26(6), 429-451. https://doi.org/10.1177/016555150002600606 .
Ding, Y., Chowdhury, G. G., & Foo, S. (2001). Bibliometric cartography of information retrieval research by using co-word analysis. Information processing & management37(6), 817-842. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4573(00)00051-0 .
Ding, Y., Chowdhury, G., & Foo, S. (2000b). Journal as markers of intellectual space: Journal co-citation analysis of information retrieval area, 1987–1997. Scientometrics47(1), 55-73.  https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005665709109.
Gao, C., & Ruan, T. (2018). Bibliometric analysis of global research progress on coastal flooding 1995–2016. Chinese Geographical Science28, 998-1008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-018-0996-9.
Han, L., & Goulding, A. (2003). Information and reference services in the digital library. Information services & use23(4), 251-262. https://doi.org/10.3233/ISU-2003-23406
Hazeri, A., Makkizadeh, F., & Mobasheri, E. (2016). Subject analysis of articles related to addiction in medline through hierarchical clustering from 1991-2014. Journal of Health Administration (JHA)19 (66), 47-60. https://ensani.ir/fa/article/535372/ [In Persian].
Heydari, G., Qanadinejad, F., & Chini Pardaz, R. (2018). A review of studies on research priorities in the field of information and knowledge science in Iran and the world, Journal of Sciences and Techniques of Information Management, 3(3), 35-62. https://doi.org/10.22091/stim.2017.880.1051 [In Persian].
Hjørland, B. (2021). Information retrieval and knowledge organization: A perspective from the philosophy of science. Information12(3), 135. https://doi.org/10.3390/info12030135
Hollis, K. F., Soualmia, L. F., & Séroussi, B. (2019). Artificial intelligence in health informatics: hype or reality?.reality? Yearbook of medical informatics28(01), 003-004. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1677951
Hu, C. P., Hu, J. M., Deng, S. L., & Liu, Y. (2013). A co-word analysis of library and information science in China. Scientometrics, 97, 369-382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-013-1076-7
Jin, H., Miao, Y., Jung, J. R., & Li, D. (2022). Construction of information search behavior based on data mining. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-019-01239-8
Joshi, P., & Nikose, S. (2010). How to achieve best services to students, through information literacy for an academic library. Communication and Information Literacy in Library Environment, Jalgaon (India), 10-11 March 2008. (Unpublished) [Conference paper] http://eprints.rclis.org/14338/1/INFORMATION_LITERACY_CURRICULUM_IN_ACADEMIC_LIBRARIES.pdf
Kani-Zabihi, E., Ghinea, G., & Chen, S. Y. (2008). User perceptions of online public library catalogues. International journal of information management28(6), 492-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2008.01.007.
Karimi, E., Babaei, M., & Hosseini Beheshti, M. (2019). The Study of Semantic and Ontological Features of Thesaurus and Ontology-based Information Retrieval Systems. Iranian Journal of Information Processing and Management, 34(4), 1585-1612. https://doi.org/10.35050/JIPM010.2019.015 [In Persian].
Kebede, G. (2010). Knowledge management: An information science perspective. International journal of information management30(5), 416-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2010.02.004.
Khapre, S., & Basha, M. S. (2012). A theoretical paradigm of information retrieval in information science and computer science. International Journal of Computer Science Issues (IJCSI), 9(5), 232. License CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273384000_A_Theoretical_Paradigm_of_Information_Retrieval_in_Information_Science_and_Computer_Science
Khasseh, A., & Salami, M. (2015). Content Analysis of Two Decades of Research in the Field of Information Retrieval. Knowledge and Information Management, 1(4), 69-76. http://magiran.com/p1525927 [In Persian].
Kiani, M.R. (2012). Information retrieval systems evaluating approaches: background & future trends. Library and Information Science, 16(2), (58), 243-258. https://sid.ir/paper/102718/en [In Persian].
Koranian, P. (2017). Map intellectual structure of knowledge and information scidencde in Iran baased on Co-word analysis [Unpublished master dissertation], Payam-e-Noor University, Kermanshah branch.
Kumbhar, R. (2012). Modern knowledge organization systems and interoperability. Library Classification Trends in the 21st Century, 95–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-84334-660-9.50008-4
Lai, L. F. (2007). A knowledge engineering approach to knowledge management. Information Sciences177(19), 4072-4094. https://doi.org10.1016/j.ins.2007.02.028
Librarianship Studies & Information Technology. (2020). Information Retrieval. https://www.librarianshipstudies.com/2020/02/information-retrieval.html
Library and information science. (2021). information retrieval tools: catalogues, indexes, subject heading lists. https://nios.ac.in/media/documents/srseclibrary/lch-016b.pdf
Liu, J., Kong, X., Zhou, X., Wang, L., Zhang, D., Lee, I., ... & Xia, F. (2019). Data mining and information retrieval in the 21st century: A bibliographic review. Computer science review34, 100193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosrev.2019.100193.
Liu, K., Hogan, W. R., & Crowley, R. S. (2011). Natural language processing methods and systems for biomedical ontology learning. Journal of biomedical informatics44(1), 163-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2010.07.006.
Liu, Y., & Wang, Y. (2015). The Bibliometrics Analysis of Customer Knowledge Management Based on Co-Word Analyses. Management Science and Engineering, 9(2), 54-49. https://doi.org/‌10.3968/7213
Loveland, T. (2016). Social Media and the Internet in Technology Education. In: de Vries M. (eds), Handbook of Technology Education. Springer International Handbooks of Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38889-2_65-1
Lozano-Kühne, J. (2013). MEDLINE. In: Dubitzky W., Wolkenhauer O., Cho KH., Yokota H. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Systems Biology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_1297
Makizadeh, F., Dana, M., & Tousi, Z. (2015). Determining the main classes related to tourism in the ISC database and studying their thematic overlap. [In The 2nd National Conference on Tourism, National Capitals and Future Vision], Isfahan: Iran. https://civilica.com/doc/431513 [In Persian].
Makkizadeh, F., & Ebrahimi, V. (2018). Scientific Mapping of Risk Management Field in ISC. Emergency Management, 6(2), 105-117. https://www.joem.ir/article_31153.html [In Persian].
Manning, C., Raghavan, P., & Schütze, H. (2008). Introduction to Information Retrieval. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511809071
Mehrad, J., & Koleini, S. (2012). The Basic of Information Technology. Tehran: SAMT. [In Persian].
Melcer, E., Nguyen, T. H. D., Chen, Z., Canossa, A., El-Nasr, M. S., & Isbister, K. (2015). Games research today: Analyzing the academic landscape 2000-2014. network, 17, 20. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278678569_Games_Research_Today_Analyzing_the_Academic_Landscape_2000-2014.
Menafi, Z., & Asadinejad, S, (2003). The importance of information and technology transfer in research, [In 4th Conference of Industries and Mines R&D Centers], Tehran. https://civilica.com/doc/21427 [In Persian].
Nadig, S., Braschler, M., & Stockinger, K. (May 2020). Database search vs. information retrieval: a novel method for studying natural language querying of semi-structured data. [In Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference]‌, 1772-1779. https://doi.org/10.21256/zhaw-20042
Nazim, M., & Mukherjee, B. (2016). Knowledge management in libraries: Concepts, tools and approaches, Publisher: Chandos PublishingISBN: 0081005687, 9780081005682
Noroozi Chakoli, A. (2012). Introduction To Scientometric: foundations, concepts, relations & origins. Tehran: SAMTSamat, Shahed University. [In Persian].
Nowbakht Haghighi, S., & Khasseh, A. (2016). Mapping Intellectual Structure of Rural Geography Research: Using Co-Word Analysis and Science Visualization, Geography, 14(50), 213-240. https://www.sid.ir/paper/150160/fa http://magiran.com/p1623364 [In Persian].
Online Library Learning Center.  (2021). What is an online library catalog? https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit04/primer04_04.phtml
Onwuchekwa, E. O., & Jegede, O. R. (2011). Information retrieval methods in libraries and information centers. African Research Review5(6), 108-120. https://doi.org/10.4314/afrrev. v5i6.10
Rorissa, A., & Yuan, X. (2012). Visualizing and mapping the intellectual structure of information retrieval. Information processing & management48(1), 120-135. htpps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2011.03.004
Sedighi, M. (2015). Using of co-word analysis method in mapping of the structure of scientific fields (case study: The field of Informetrics). Iranian Journal of Information Processing and Management, 30(2), 373-396. https://doi.org/10.35050/JIPM010.2015.040 [In Persian].
Shokouhi, M., & Si, L. (2011). Federated search. Foundations and Trends® in Information Retrieval, 5(1), 1-102. http:// doi.org/10.1561/1500000010
University of Illinois Chicago (2020). What is Medical Informatics? https://healthinformatics.uic.edu/news-stories/what-is-health-informatics
Vafaeian, A. (2017). A Study of the Scientific Research Output on Music Information Retrieval Indexed in Scopus. Scientometrics Research Journal3, Issue 1(spring & summer), 33-48.. htpps://doi.org/10.22070/rsci.2017.792 [In Persian].

Vaughan, L., Yang, R., & Tang, J. (2012,). Web co‐word analysis for business intelligence in the Chinese environment. In Aslib Proceedings, Vol. 64, No. 6 (November), 653-667. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/00012531211281788

Wang, Z., Zhao, H., & Wang, Y. (2015). Social networks in marketing research 2001–2014: a co-word analysis. Scientometrics105, 65-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-015-1672-9
Yang, Y., Wu, M., & Cui, L. (2012). Integration of three visualization methods based on co-word analysis. Scientometrics90(2), 659-673. htpps://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0541-4
Zandi Ravan, N., Davarpanah, M., & Fattahi, R. (2016). Review of Science Map Visualization and its Methodology. Scientometrics Research Journal, 2, Issue 1, 57-76. https:/doi.org/‌10.22070/rsci.2016.469  [In Persian].
Zhang, X., Li, X., Jiang, S., Li, X., & Xie, B. (2019). Evolution Analysis of Information Retrieval based on co-word network. In 2019 3rd International Conference on Electronic Information Technology and Computer Engineering (EITCE), (October), 1837-1840. IEEE. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EITCE47263.2019.9094904