نقش زنان در بازسازی مسکن پس از سانحه: یک مرور نظام‌مند

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 پژوهشگر دورۀ دکتری معماری، دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.

2 استادیار گروه معماری منظر و سوانح، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

هدف: هدف این مطالعه، بررسی نظام‌مند تولیدات علمی در حوزة بازسازی مسکن پس از سوانح با تأکید بر نقش و جایگاه زنان است، باهدف تحلیل وضعیت موجود، شناسایی روندهای پژوهشی و آشکارسازی شکاف‌های دانش در این حوزه.
روش‌شناسی: این پژوهش با بهره‌گیری از روش مرور نظام‌مند و تحلیل محتوای کمی و کیفی، 32 مقالة منتخب از پایگاه‌های داده‌ای اسکوپوس و وب‌آوساینس را موردبررسی قرار داده است. تحلیل داده‌ها شامل بررسی فراوانی واژگان، تحلیل هم‌رخدادی واژگان با استفاده از نرم‌افزار ووس ویور، تحلیل روند زمانی انتشار مقالات، شناسایی مجلات و کشورهای پیشرو و تحلیل شبکه‌های هم‌تألیفی بوده است. همچنین، برای اعتبارسنجی یافته‌ها و تکمیل تحلیل محتوا، از نظرات خبرگان بهره گرفته‌شده است.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که اغلب پژوهش‌های پیشین بر «آسیب‌پذیری» زنان در برابر سوانح تمرکز داشته‌اند‌ و کمتر به «توانمندسازی» و «مشارکت فعال» آن‌ها در فرآیند بازسازی پرداخته‌اند. تحلیل روند زمانی نیز حاکی از افزایش علاقه‌مندی به این موضوع در سال‌های اخیر (به‌ویژه پس از 2019) است؛ بااین‌حال، این روند یکنواخت نبوده و متأثر از عواملی نظیر وقوع سوانح بزرگ و تغییر در سیاست‌های بین‌المللی بوده است. مجله «سوانح» بیشترین تعداد مقالات را در این زمینه منتشر کرده و کشورهای درحال‌توسعه، به‌ویژه بنگلادش و برخی دانشگاه‌های خاص و فعال در این کشورها، سهم عمده‌ای در تولیدات علمی داشته‌اند.
نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌های این پژوهش بر ضرورت توجه هرچه بیشتر به نقش فعال و توانمندی‌های زنان در بازسازی مسکن پس از سوانح تأکید دارد و درعین‌حال، شکاف‌های پژوهشی قابل‌توجهی را در این زمینه آشکار می‌سازد. پر کردن این شکاف‌ها مستلزم انجام مطالعات بیشتر، به‌ویژه پژوهش‎های طولی، مطالعات تطبیقی بین فرهنگی و پژوهش‌های کیفی عمیق با رویکرد مشارکتی است. همچنین، توسعه سیاست‌ها و برنامه‌های بازسازی با حساسیت جنسیتی از دیگر الزامات مهم در این حوزه به شمار می‌رود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Women's Role in Post-Disaster Housing Reconstruction: A Systematic Review

نویسندگان [English]

  • Atoosa Hassani 1
  • Zoheir Mottaki 2
  • Morteza Adib 2
1 PhD Candidate in Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Landscape Architecture and Reconstruction, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Purpose: This study presents a systematic review of the scientific literature on post-disaster housing reconstruction, with a particular focus on the multifaceted roles of women. It aims to synthesize existing knowledge, analyze research trends, identify critical gaps, and highlight areas requiring further investigation. Moving beyond the conventional portrayal of women as passive victims of disasters, this study explores their active participation, agency, and leadership in rebuilding efforts while acknowledging the persistent vulnerabilities they encounter.
Methodology: Employing a systematic review approach, this study analyzes 32 selected articles from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. The review methodology follows established frameworks, drawing insights from Kitchenham and Charters (2007) and Bani Asadi et al. (2023). The research process involved: (1) defining rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria, specifically focusing on women's roles in post-disaster housing reconstruction rather than broader disaster recovery efforts; (2) implementing a comprehensive search strategy using key terms; (3) systematically reviewing and coding selected articles based on methodologies, findings, and key concepts; (4) conducting content analysis, including word frequency analysis, co-occurrence analysis via VOSviewer, and a temporal analysis of publication trends; and (5) validating findings through expert consultation.
Findings: The analysis yielded several key insights:
The literature predominantly emphasizes vulnerability. Although terms like "women" and "disaster" were frequent due to the search parameters, the prevailing discourse primarily frames women as victims rather than active agents in reconstruction. This indicates a persistent gap in recognizing their leadership and agency in rebuilding efforts.
While vulnerability remains a focal point, the analysis identified an increasing, though still limited, acknowledgment of women's resilience, participation, and leadership in reconstruction processes. Co-occurrence analysis revealed nine thematic clusters: gendered vulnerabilities, social resilience, physical reconstruction of housing, policy and adaptive capacities, and community participation. These clusters indicate a slow but growing recognition of women's roles, moving beyond the perception of them as passive recipients of aid.
The number of publications addressing women in post-disaster housing reconstruction has risen over time, particularly after 2019. This trend may reflect a broader global awareness of gender equality and its relevance to disaster recovery policies. However, given the study's limited sample size, caution is necessary when interpreting these patterns. Nevertheless, the increasing research interest signals the importance of integrating gender-sensitive approaches into reconstruction policies and academic discourse.
Research on this topic is geographically concentrated in the Americas, particularly in the U.S. and Canada, and in Asia, with a significant focus on Bangladesh. The prominence of Bangladesh likely stems from its high exposure to natural disasters and its evolving policy focus on disaster resilience. However, other regions remain underrepresented in the literature, highlighting the need for more geographically diverse research.
The journal Disasters emerged as the most prominent publication venue in this field, reflecting its specialized focus on disaster research. Other significant outlets include the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health and Gender, Place & Culture. This distribution of publications underscores the interdisciplinary nature of the research, showing increasing intersections between post-disaster reconstruction, gender issues, and the fields of public health, geography, and social sciences.
Expert consultation corroborated these findings, emphasizing the dominant focus on vulnerability and the relative scarcity of studies addressing women's active participation and leadership. Experts also highlighted the need for more qualitative research to capture women's lived experiences and contributions in diverse socio-cultural contexts.
Conclusion: This systematic review highlights the crucial yet often underexplored role of women in post-disaster housing reconstruction. While a growing body of literature acknowledges their contributions, the predominant narrative still focuses on their vulnerabilities rather than their agency and leadership. The findings reveal significant research gaps, particularly regarding women’s involvement in decision-making, the long-term impacts of reconstruction policies on gender equality, and the intersection of cultural and socio-economic factors in shaping women’s experiences.
Future research should prioritize longitudinal studies to assess the long-term effectiveness of policies and interventions, cross-cultural analyses to compare different regional approaches, participatory qualitative research to capture women’s voices, and critical policy evaluations to identify best practices. Additionally, developing context-specific indicators to measure women's empowerment in reconstruction efforts will provide more tangible insights into progress and remaining challenges.By addressing these gaps, scholars and policymakers can contribute to more inclusive, equitable, and effective post-disaster housing reconstruction strategies. Recognizing and empowering women as key agents of change will not only improve disaster recovery outcomes but also foster greater resilience and social equity in affected communities.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Housing reconstruction
  • Disaster
  • Women
  • Gender
  • Systematic review
  • Em-powerment
  • Vulneraility

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